List of Questionnaires:
- Demographic/ economic/ Socio-Economic Status information
- Child Stress Disorders Checklist-Short Form
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Public Health Quality
- Europe Quality of Life-5 Dimensions-3 Levels
- Child Symptom Inventory version 4
- World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment
- Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory
- CONNERS Adult Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
- Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire
- Motorcycle Riding Behavior Questionnaire
- Pedestrian Behavior Questionnaire
List of Clinical Tests:
- Health examinations
- Driving performance tests
- Psychophysiological tests
- Hearing and vision screening tests
- Blood sampling
In the PERSIAN Post-Crash Cohort Study, we use various instruments which are currently filled out by our participants (if under 18 years old). The questionnaires are explained below.
Demographic Information (DI):
It includes 10 questions of child full name, type of relationship between interviewee and the injured child, hospital name, file number, identification number, birthdate, date of traffic accident, date of filling the questionnaire, date of death due to the traffic accident. These baseline questions are included at all follow-ups.
Child Stress Disorders Checklist-Short Form (CSDC-SF):
It is the short form used for screening and includes four questions (with Likert scale of three points). It asks about the child’s additional physical complaints and/or getting so upset when reminded of the trauma, easily startling, and avoiding things reminding him/er of the trauma (The Child Stress Disorders Checklist-Short Form: A 4-Item Scale of Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Children, 2010). It is used at 1-, 6- and 12-month follow-ups for children and adolescents. Along with physical-health related factors, children and adolescents are examined by psychiatrist/ clinical psychologist in case of suffering from PTSD verified by the screening questionnaire.
Child Symptom Inventory (CSI-4)
That screens for emotional and behavioral symptoms of disorders in children between five to 12 years old, based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV). The inventory has 14 categories of which the category of major depression disorder (MDD) is used at 6- and 12-month follow-ups for children and adolescents (Sprafkin, Gadow, Salisbury, Schneider, & Loney, 2002). Children and adolescents are examined by psychiatrist/ clinical psychologist in case of suffering from depression verified by the screening questionnaire. It is used at 6- and 12-month follow-ups.
Economic Information (EI)
This questionnaire gathers information on several types of RTI-related costs including direct medical and non-medical costs, indirect costs and intangible costs. It includes 6 questions consisting of the amount of damage to the vehicle, the amount paid by insurance company, the amount paid out of pocket, costs of rehabilitation and physiotherapy per session, other medical and non-medical costs of the injured person after Hospital discharge (Readmission, doctor visit, diagnostic and laboratory services, medicine, forensic medicine, transportation to receive health care, accommodation, other costs), family's purchase power, job of the head of the household. EI is used at 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups.
In the PERSIAN Post-Crash Cohort Study, the questionnaires filled out by our participants above 18 years old are explained below.
Demographic Information (DI):
It includes 9 questions comprising the injured person’s full name, hospital name, file number, identification number, date of birth, date of traffic accident, date of filling the questionnaire, and date of death due to the traffic accident. DI is used at 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
It is a measure identical to the PC-PTSD reflecting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) PTSD diagnostic criteria (Prins, et al., 2016). The 1-, 6- and 12-month follow-up forms that assess PTSD do not include the stem section, since the whole study population have experienced a traffic accident. It evaluates nightmares, avoidance of situations reminding them of the accident, being easily startled, being detached from surroundings, blaming themselves for the accident, during the last 30 days.
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
The PHQ-9 is the depression module with 9 items. It is scored according to the choices of not at all, several days, more than half the days, and nearly every day. Major depression is diagnosed if 5 or more of the 9 depressive symptom criteria have been present at least “more than half the days” in the past 2 weeks, and 1 of the symptoms is depressed mood. Other depression is diagnosed if 2, 3, or 4 depressive symptoms have been present at least “more than half the days” in the past 2 weeks, and 1 of the symptoms is depressed mood. One of the 9 symptom criteria (“thoughts that you would be better off dead or of hurting yourself in some way”) counts if present at all, regardless of duration (Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001). The scale collects information on their interests, Feeling down/ tired/ bad, staying asleep, and thoughts of hurting themselves. This tool is used at first three consecutive follow-ups (1, 6, and 12 months).
European Quality of life-5 dimensions-3 levels (EQ-5D-3L)
The 3-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-3L) was introduced in 1990. The EQ-5D-3L descriptive system comprises the following five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 3 levels: no problems, some problems, and extreme problems. Participants are asked to indicate their health state by placing a tick in one box next to statements best describe their own health state (EuroQol Research Foundation, 2018) at 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups.
World health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS)
It is a generic assessment tool for health and disability that covers 6 domains of functioning, including Cognition – understanding & communicating, Mobility– moving & getting around, Self-care– hygiene, dressing, eating & staying alone, Getting along– interacting with other people, Life activities– domestic responsibilities, leisure, work & school, and Participation– joining in community activities. Based on the simple way of scoring, the scores assigned to each of the items – “none” (0), “mild” (1) “moderate” (2), “severe” (3) and “extreme” (4) – are summed (WHO, 2018). Moreover, the WHODAS-based evaluation in this project is part of a PhD thesis.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
It is a brief test with 30 questions. The healthcare professionals can detect cognitive impairments very early on, and perform faster diagnosis and patient care. MoCA is the most sensitive test available for measuring executive functions and multiple cognitive domains which are important components not measured by other tools such as Mini-Mental State Examination (Nasreddine, 2005) (https://www.mocatest.org/). This cognitive screening tool is proven to be useful for many illnesses such as head trauma, the focal point in PTC-POC
Economic Information (EI)
According to the previously-mentioned three types of costs, this questionnaire includes 8 sets of questions consisting of the amount of damage to the vehicle, the amount paid by insurance company, the amount paid out of pocket, costs of rehabilitation and physiotherapy per session (if applied), length of sick leave, other medical and non-medical costs after Hospital discharge (Readmission, doctor visit, diagnostic and laboratory services, medicine, Forensic medicine, transportation to receive health care, accommodation, other costs), changes in (your/family's) purchase power/ job, job title before/ after traffic accident. It is questioned at 1- and 6-month follow-ups.
Socio-Economic Status (SES)
This questionnaire is used at 12-month follow-up. It includes sets of questions consisting of the exact job title, educational years, total family Income, and the monetary values of his/ her house and car.
The Vienna Test System is one of the first computerized tools for psychological, nervous, transport and sports assessment. The VTS guarantees the highest possible objectivism and accuracy. The tests in the Vienna Test System have been specifically developed for use in traffic psychology and Assessment of fitness to drive for greater safety on the roads and are thus precisely tailored to this field of use. All the tests have been validated for use in traffic psychology and are suitable for people who have limited computer knowledge or none at all. The structured, standardized and objective process ensures that the same conditions apply to all respondents, so that all have the same chance – regardless of their cultural background or level of education (https://www.schuhfried.com/vienna-test-system/applications/traffic/). Various types of test sets are available to measure including Tests with precise time measurement (such as attention, cognitive flexibility and reaction ability), attention, memory and executive functions (such as all aspects of attention: Alertness, sustained attention, focused attention, divided attention, neglect, spatial attention, selective attention, vigilance.) (https://www.schuhfried.com/vienna-test-system/tests-and-test-sets/).
- List of Questionnaires:
- Demographic/ economic/ Socio-Economic Status information
- Child Stress Disorders Checklist-Short Form
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Public Health Quality
- Europe Quality of Life-5 Dimensions-3 Levels
- Child Symptom Inventory version 4
- World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment
- Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory
- CONNERS Adult Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
- Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire
- Motorcycle Riding Behavior Questionnaire
- Pedestrian Behavior Questionnaire
- Clinical tests:
- Health examinations
- Driving performance tests
- Hearing and vision screening tests
- Blood samples